Everything about Kara Koyunlu totally explained
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The
Kara Koyunlu or
Qara Qoyunlu, also called the
Black Sheep Turkomans (
Turkmen:
Garagoýunly;
Azeri:
Qaraqoyunlu;
Turkish:
Karakoyunlu; ), were a
Shi'ite Turcoman tribal federation that ruled over the territory comprising the present-day
Armenia,
Republic of Azerbaijan,
Iranian Azerbaijan, western
Iran, eastern
Turkey and
Iraq from about
1375 to
1468.
The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans at one point established their capital in
Herat in eastern
Persia, and were
vassals of the
Jalayirid dynasty in
Baghdad and
Tabriz from about
1375, when the leader of their leading tribe, ruled over
Mosul. However, they rebelled against the Jalayirids, and secured their independence from the dynasty with the conquest of Tabriz by
Qara Yusuf.
In
1400, the armies of
Tamerlane defeated the Kara Koyunlu, and Qara Yusuf fled to
Egypt seeking refuge with the
Mamluks. He gathered an army and by
1406 had taken back Tabriz. In
1410, the Kara Koyunlu captured
Baghdad. The installation of a subsidiary Black Sheep Turkomans line there hastened the downfall of the Jalayirids whom they'd once served. Despite internal fighting amongst Kara Yusuf's descendants after his death in
1420, and the increasing threat of the
Timurids, the Black Sheep Turkomans maintained a strong grip over the areas they controlled.
Jahān Shāh made peace with the Timurid
Shāh Rukh Mirzā, however, this soon fell apart. When Shāh Ru
kh died in
1447, the Black Sheep Turkomans annexed portions of Iraq and the eastern coast of the
Arabian Peninsula, as well as Timurid controlled western
Iran.
Though much territory was gained during his rule, Jahān Shāh's reign was troubled by his rebellious sons and the almost rulers of Baghdad, whom he expelled in
1464.
In
1466, Jahān Shāh attempted to take
Diyar Bakr from the
White Sheep Turkomans, however, this was a catastrophic failure resulting on Jahān Shāh's death and the collapse of the Black Sheep Turkoman's control in the Middle East. By
1468, at their height under
Uzun Hasan (1452-1478),
Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans defeated the Qara Qoyunlu and conquered Iraq, Azerbaijan, and western Iran.
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